Effects of traditional salt placement and strategically placed mineral mix supplements on cattle distribution in the Western Italian Alps

Effects of traditional salt placement (TS) and strategically placed mineral mix supplements (MMS) on cattle distribution were compared in the Italian Alps. Salt was placed within flat and herbaceous sites following the traditional method of farmers, whereas MMS blocks were placed on steep and shrub‐encroached sites within three large pastures (44 ha on average). Each TS and MMS site was paired with a control site, and eleven cows were tracked with GPS collars. Within 10 and 50 m of TS and MMS, treatment sites were used more than control sites (P < 0·05). No differences were detected (P > 0·05) in the number of visits by cows within 10 and 50 m of TS and MMS placements. No differences were detected in time spent within 10 m of TS and MMS placements, but cows spent more time (P < 0·05) within 50 m of TS. With either TS or MMS, cattle preferred areas with gentler terrain, higher forage pastoral value and closer to water (P < 0·001). When MMS was available cattle also preferred areas near MMS (P < 0·001). Shrub and herbaceous cover decreased near MMS placements (P < 0·05) from cattle grazing and trampling. Placement of MMS is a promising tool to enhance cattle distribution and potentially reduce shrub encroachment in rugged mountain pastures.     

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity,shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions,and its abundance also generally increases.However,the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear.In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress,and their interaction on seed production of shrub species,we examined the seed number,seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities(fenced,mild grazing and severe grazing) across a climatic aridity gradient(semi-arid,arid,very arid and intensively arid zones) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,northern China during 2012–2013.The seed number,seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones,but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots.The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots,therefore,grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C.stenophylla.The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased.The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots,followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots.Precipitation varied interannually during the study period.We observed that the seed number,seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year(2013) than in the high precipitation year(2012).As climatic drought stress increased,the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C.stenophylla also gradually increased.Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C.stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production.However,grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla,and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.     

轴向柱塞泵全局耦合动力学建模

轴向柱塞泵内部子系统强耦合作用下柱塞泵呈明显的全局耦合特性,而柱塞泵传统局部动力学模型普遍存在恒压力、定转速等假设条件,缺乏对全局耦合特性的综合分析能力,为此在分析子系统间结构关系及耦合情况的基础上,提出一种基于数组的键合图建模方法,建立了斜盘式轴向柱塞泵键合图模型。进行了柱塞-滑靴子系统摩擦学-动力学耦合机理分析,并定义能量损耗因子,综合包含非线性因素的各子系统动力学方程参数,最终导出柱塞泵全局耦合动力学模型。对模型进行了仿真,仿真结果与实际情况吻合,验证了模型的有效性和正确性。     

基于常规气象资料估算南方地区日辐射总量方法比较

日地表总辐射量(Rs)是作物生长模型和参考作物蒸发蒸腾量估算的重要基础数据,但我国只有约1/20的气象站能够直接观测Rs。由于气温资料很容易获得,使用基于基本气象资料的经验模型是估算Rs的常用方法。以1982—2014年南方20个气象站的气象资料为基础,对Bristow-Campbell(B-C)方法和Hargreaves(Harg)方法各6种不同形式重新进行了参数率定,并对以上方法和支持向量机15种参数输入形式进行了适用性评价,结果表明:支持向量机模型整体好于B-C方法和Harg方法。其中,以最高温度(Tmax)、最低温度(Tmin)、相对湿度(RH)和降水量(P)为输入变量的支持向量机模型精度最高,其20站平均R2达到0.80、RMSE平均为3.20 MJ/(m2·d),且在包含降雨量资料后,不存在Rs为负或大于地外总辐射量(Ra)的问题。仅有温度资料时,支持向量机模型的20站平均R2为0.74,RMSE为3.72 MJ/(m2·d)。不同输入变量对支持向量机模型预报Rs的精度影响不同,输入变量为Tmax和Tmin优于输入变量为ΔT;而除温度资料外,当拥有相对湿度和降水量资料时,模型优劣依次表现为RH+P、RH、P。经验模型中B-C方法的M1和M3以及Harg方法的M10和M12模型精度较好,其R2为0.69~0.70、RMSE在4.00 MJ/(m2·d)左右,但M10和M12模型对气象资料要求更高,除日温度差外,需要降水量资料,同时还存在有降水时日Rs严重高估或负值问题。     

毛竹原状和粉状叶片分解特征对施氮和温度的响应

[目的]毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)叶片分解与竹林碳循环和养分周转关系密切,通过室内模拟氮沉降和温度升高试验,为预测未来气候变暖和氮沉降条件对凋落竹叶分解的调控提供参考,为科学管理毛竹林提供科学依据。[方法]以毛竹原状叶片及粉状叶片(粉碎过2 mm)为研究对象,布设3因素2水平试验,即施氮(添加氮5 mg·g-1)和不加氮对照,12℃和28℃培养温度,原状和粉状叶片,恒温箱中培养78 d,采用密闭碱液吸收法定期测定CO2释放量,并计算分解速率。[结果]表明:施氮处理、培养温度和叶片形态及其交互作用对凋落竹叶分解速率的影响因培养阶段不同而存在差异,总体上表现为培养前期(0—23 d)和培养中期(24—48 d)的分解速率高于培养后期(49—78 d)。从均值来看,施氮处理抑制原状叶片在12℃培养下的分解速率,而对两种形态叶片在28℃培养条件的分解速率影响不显著;施氮处理可增加原状凋落竹叶分解速率的温度敏感性(Q10),但对粉状凋落竹叶分解速率的Q10值影响不显著,且原状凋落竹叶分解速率的Q10值高于粉状凋落叶。凋落竹叶C/N在培养后期显著升高,且氮添加显著促进粉状竹叶C/N增加。[结论]氮沉降对毛竹凋落叶分解的影响效应与培养温度和叶片形态有关。凋落物分解的影响因素众多,凋落物分解对全球环境变化的响应不仅应该深入研究其化学和生物学机制,还要关注物理过程及其调控潜能。     

农业“走出去”与境外农业园区建设

农业“走出去”是国家“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,是统筹利用国际国内“两个市场、两种资源和两类规则”的重要途径,为农业转方式、调结构提供了良好外部机遇。发展境外农业合作园区能够有效提升农业企业投资效率,有利于发挥企业集聚效应,实现较快发展。本研究对当前中国农业“走出去”的发展现状与特征进行分析,总结归纳了境外农业园区建设与发展概况,探讨未来境外农业园区的发展方向。分析认为,境外农业园区建设是农业“走出去”的重要方式之一,应积极引导园区建立开放型招商机制,提升园区内企业的产业化水平,形成产业链配套,带动区内企业集群式发展,加快农业“走出去”步伐,提高农业企业的资源配置能力和竞争能力。     

2015年5月山西中南部一次飑线天气过程分析

为了研究飑线带来的强对流天气发生发展的特点,为日后此类天气的预报工作提取可利用的预报指标,利用稠密气象观测资料,对山西中南部一次飑线造成的雷雨大风和冰雹天气过程进行了分析。结果发现：这次飑线过程发生在高空冷涡与地面倒槽相配合的不稳定大气环境下。飑线的发生、发展与地面中尺度辐合线密切相关,强对流天气区有地面中尺度辐合线配合,并表现出了气压陡增、温度骤降、风速变大的飑线天气特征,垂直结构表现为高层冷平流叠加在低层暖平流之上,垂直风切变很大,湿度层结下湿上干,低层湿空气很薄,中高层干燥,这种层结特征决定了这次飑线过程以雷雨大风和冰雹天气为主。在雷达拼图上也表现出了明显的飑线弓形回波特征。     

草地生态系统氮循环关键过程对全球变化及人类活动的响应与机制

氮(N)是蛋白质、核酸、酶、激素、叶绿素等物质的主要组成部分,对生态系统结构的组成和功能的发挥具有十分重要的影响。国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)以及政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)的许多大型研究计划均把氮素循环过程作为其核心研究内容。草原生态系统作为地球上宝贵的自然资源,其功能的发挥对于维持全球及区域性生态平衡有极其重要的作用。但迄今为止,对草地氮循环关键过程及其对全球变化(CO₂浓度升高、温度与降水变化、氮沉降)以及人类活动(放牧、开垦、火烧等)响应与反馈的认知远不及对草地碳循环过程那么系统与深入,迫切需要开展相关领域系统的科学试验研究。本文综述了目前国内外全球变化和人类活动因子对草地氮循环过程影响的相关研究成果,分析了其主要影响途径以及关键机制,在此基础上对目前研究中存在的不足进行了剖析,并对未来研究中迫切需要关注的重点研究方向进行了探讨与展望。     

Mathematical modeling and an application of the filled function method in entomology

Macrosiphum rosae (L.) is one of the most destructive pests for Rosa damascena (Miller) when it is found in high numbers. In order to understand the population dynamics of this pest, our priority should be the determination of what extent environmental factors affect the pest population. In this study, we apply fuzzy logic modeling to visualize the population variations, which depends on the environmental factors (temperature and humidity), by using the data obtained from the field studies. After that, we determine the values of temperature and humidity that makes the number of M. rosae maximum by using the filled function method as a global optimization technique.     

多重目标下的中国林业技术效率及其收敛性分析

文中借助2004—2012年省际面板数据, 运用DEA模型测算了“三大效益”最大化目标下的中国林业技术效率并分析其地区差距和收敛性。研究表明:中国林业技术效率水平较高, 但省域林业技术效率较低且差距较大; 中国林业技术效率不存在全域性的绝对σ收敛, 也不存在绝对β收敛; 东部地区和西部地区林业技术效率均存在“俱乐部收敛”且东部地区收敛速度比西部地区更快, 而中部地区则不存在“俱乐部收敛”; 南方集体林区存在“俱乐部收敛”, 而其他林区则不存在“俱乐部收敛”。